CG-OR-PR-06 Spinal Orthoses: Thoracic-Lumbar-Sacral (TLSO), Lumbar-Sacral (LSO), and Lumbar

Clinical UM Guideline

Subject: Spinal Orthoses: Thoracic-Lumbar-Sacral (TLSO), Lumbar-Sacral (LSO), and Lumbar
Guideline #: CG-OR-PR-06	Publish Date: 10/01/2024
Status: Reviewed	Last Review Date: 02/15/2024

Description

This document addresses the use of thoracic-lumbar-sacral (TLSO), lumbar-sacral (LSO), and lumbar spinal orthoses. These types of devices are back braces, which are used for many different purposes, including the treatment of spinal column deformities, trauma, and back pain due to a variety of etiologies. This document addresses the use of back braces that are designed to immobilize or support various levels of the spine to treat back conditions.

Note: For information regarding the use of self-operated spinal unloading devices, including, but not limited to, gravity-dependent and pneumatic devices for the treatment of back pain, please see:

DME.00025 Self-Operated Spinal Unloading Devices

Clinical Indications

Medically Necessary:

The use of prefabricated thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses (TLSO), lumbar-sacral orthoses (LSO) and lumbar orthoses is considered medically necessary when any of the following conditions are met:

To reduce pain by restricting mobility of the trunk; or
To facilitate healing following an injury to the spine or related soft tissues; or
To facilitate healing following a surgical procedure on the spine or related soft tissue; or
To otherwise support weak spinal muscles.

Custom fitted prefabricated spinal orthoses are considered medically necessary for the following indications:

Any of the conditions listed above for prefabricated devices; and
The treatment of spinal deformity, including but not limited to scoliosis and kyphosis.

Custom fabricated or custom molded spinal orthoses are considered medically necessary when all the criteria below are met:

The brace is prescribed for the treatment of a spinal deformity in a skeletally immature individual (for example, scoliosis); and
The criteria above for custom fitted devices have been met; and
The individual has an underlying deformity or body somatotype which would preclude the use of a prefabricated device.

Not Medically Necessary:

The use of any type of thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses (TLSO), lumbar-sacral orthoses (LSO) or lumbar orthoses is considered not medically necessary when the medical necessity criteria above have not been met, including but not limited to all other conditions.

An upgrade would be considered a deluxe Durable Medical Equipment (DME) item and considered not medically necessary when its primary purpose is to allow the individual to perform leisure or recreational activities or includes comfort, luxury, or convenience features, or a feature which exceeds that which is considered medically necessary to treat the individual’s condition.

Coding

The following codes for treatments and procedures applicable to this document are included below for informational purposes. Inclusion or exclusion of a procedure, diagnosis or device code(s) does not constitute or imply member coverage or provider reimbursement policy. Please refer to the member's contract benefits in effect at the time of service to determine coverage or non-coverage of these services as it applies to an individual member.

When services may be Medically Necessary when criteria are met:

HCPCS
	Prefabricated Orthoses
L0450	TLSO, flexible, provides trunk support, upper thoracic region, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral disks with rigid stays or panel(s), includes shoulder straps and closures, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0455	TLSO flexible, provides trunk support, extends from sacrococcygeal junction to above T-9 vertebra, restricts gross trunk motion in the sagittal plane, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral disks with rigid stays or panel(s), includes shoulder straps and closures, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0457	TLSO, flexible, provides trunk support, thoracic region, rigid posterior panel and soft anterior apron, extends from the sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to the scapular spine, restricts gross trunk motion in the sagittal plane, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral disks, includes straps and closures, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0458	Thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthosis (TLSO), triplanar control, modular segmented spinal system, two rigid plastic shells, posterior extends from the sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to the scapular spine, anterior extends from the symphysis pubis to the xiphoid, soft liner, restricts gross trunk motion in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, lateral strength is provided by overlapping plastic and stabilizing closures, includes straps and closures, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0462	TLSO, triplanar control, modular segmented spinal system, three rigid plastic shells, posterior extends from the sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to the scapular spine, anterior extends from the symphysis pubis to the sternal notch, soft liner, restricts gross trunk motion in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, lateral strength is provided by overlapping plastic and stabilizing closures, includes straps and closures, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0464	TLSO, triplanar control, modular segmented spinal system, four rigid plastic shells, posterior extends from the sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to the scapular spine, anterior extends from the symphysis pubis to the sternal notch, soft liner, restricts gross trunk motion in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, lateral strength is provided by overlapping plastic and stabilizing closures, includes straps and closures, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0467	TLSO, sagittal control, rigid posterior frame and flexible soft anterior apron with straps, closures and padding, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal plane, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral disks, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0469	TLSO, sagittal-coronal control, rigid posterior frame and flexible soft anterior apron with straps, closures and padding, extends from sacrococcygeal junction over scapulae, lateral strength provided by pelvic, thoracic, and lateral frame pieces, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal and coronal planes, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral disks, prefabricated, off-the shelf
L0470	TLSO, triplanar control, right posterior frame and flexible soft anterior apron with straps, closures and padding, extends from sacrococcygeal junction to scapula, lateral strength provided by pelvic, thoracic, and lateral frame pieces, rotational strength provided by subclavicular extensions, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, provides intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral disks, includes fitting and shaping the frame, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0472	TLSO, triplanar control, hyperextension, rigid anterior and lateral frame extends from symphysis pubis to sternal notch with two anterior components (one pubic and one sternal), posterior and lateral pads with straps and closures, limits spinal flexion, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, includes fitting and shaping the frame, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0488	TLSO, triplanar control, one piece rigid plastic shell with interface liner, multiple straps and closures, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to scapular spine, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to sternal notch, anterior or posterior opening, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0490	TLSO, sagittal-coronal control, one piece rigid plastic shell, with overlapping reinforced anterior, with multiple straps and closures, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction and terminates at or before the T-9 vertebra, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to xiphoid, anterior opening, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal and coronal planes, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0491	TLSO, sagittal-coronal control, modular segmented spinal system, two rigid plastic shells, posterior extends from the sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to the scapular spine, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to the xiphoid, soft liner, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal and coronal planes, lateral strength is provided by overlapping plastic and stabilizing closures, includes straps and closures, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0492	TLSO, sagittal-coronal control, modular segmented spinal system, three rigid plastic shells, posterior extends from the sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to the scapular spine, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to the xiphoid, soft liner, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal and coronal planes, lateral strength is provided by overlapping plastic and stabilizing closures, includes straps and closures, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0625	Lumbar orthosis, flexible, provides lumbar support, posterior extends from L-1 to below L-5 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include pendulous abdomen design, shoulder straps, stays, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0628	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, flexible, provides lumbo-sacral support, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include stays, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0635	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, lumbar flexion, rigid posterior frame/panel(s), lateral articulating design to flex the lumbar spine, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, lateral strength provided by rigid lateral frame/panel(s), produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, anterior panel, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L0641	Lumbar orthosis, sagittal control, with rigid posterior panel(s), posterior extends from L-1 to below L-5 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, stays, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0642	Lumbar orthosis, sagittal control, with rigid anterior and posterior panels, posterior extends from L-1 to below L-5 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0643	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal control, with rigid posterior panel(s), posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, stays, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0648	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal control, with rigid anterior and posterior panels, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0649	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, with rigid posterior frame/panel(s), posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, lateral strength provided by rigid lateral frame/panels, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, stays, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0650	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, with rigid anterior and posterior frame/panel(s), posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, lateral strength provided by rigid lateral frame/panel(s), produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated, off-the-shelf
L0651	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, rigid shell(s)/panel(s), posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to xiphoid, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, overall strength is provided by overlapping rigid material and stabilizing closures, includes straps, closures, may include soft interface, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated, off-the-shelf

	Custom fitted Prefabricated Orthoses
L0454	TLSO flexible, provides trunk support, extends from sacrococcygeal junction to above T-9 vertebra, restricts gross trunk motion in the sagittal plane, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral disks with rigid stays or panel(s), includes shoulder straps and closures, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled, or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0456	TLSO, flexible, provides trunk support, thoracic region, rigid posterior panel and soft anterior apron, extends from the sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to the scapular spine, restricts gross trunk motion in the sagittal plane, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral disks, includes straps and closures, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled, or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0460	TLSO, triplanar control, modular segmented spinal system, two rigid plastic shells, posterior extends from the sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to the scapular spine, anterior extends from the symphysis pubis to the sternal notch, soft liner, restricts gross trunk motion in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, lateral strength is provided by overlapping plastic and stabilizing closures, includes straps and closures, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0466	TLSO, sagittal control, rigid posterior frame and flexible soft anterior apron with straps, closures and padding, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal plane, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral disks, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0468	TLSO, sagittal-coronal control, rigid posterior frame and flexible soft anterior apron with straps, closures and padding, extends from sacrococcygeal junction over scapulae, lateral strength provided by pelvic, thoracic, and lateral frame pieces, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal and coronal planes, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral disks, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0626	Lumbar orthosis, sagittal control, with rigid posterior panel(s), posterior extends from L-1 to below L-5 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, stays, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0627	Lumbar orthosis, sagittal control, with rigid anterior and posterior panels, posterior extends from L-1 to below L-5 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0630	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal control, with rigid posterior panel(s), posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, stays, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled, or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0631	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal control, with rigid anterior and posterior panels, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled, or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0633	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, with rigid posterior frame/panel(s), posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, lateral strength provided by rigid lateral frame/panels, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, stays, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled, or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0637	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, with rigid anterior and posterior frame/panels, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, lateral strength provided by rigid lateral frame/panels, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled, or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L0639	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, rigid shell(s)/panel(s), posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to xiphoid, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral discs, overall strength is provided by overlapping rigid material and stabilizing closures, includes straps, closures, may include soft interface, pendulous abdomen design, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled, or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise

	Custom fabricated Orthoses
L0452	TLSO, flexible, provides trunk support, upper thoracic region, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral disks with rigid stays or panel(s), includes shoulder straps and closures, custom fabricated
L0480	TLSO, triplanar control, one piece rigid plastic shell without interface liner, with multiple straps and closures, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to scapular spine, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to sternal notch, anterior or posterior opening, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, includes a carved plaster or CAD-CAM model, custom fabricated
L0482	TLSO, triplanar control, one piece rigid plastic shell with interface liner, with multiple straps and closures, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to scapular spine, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to sternal notch, anterior or posterior opening, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, includes a carved plaster or CAD-CAM model, custom fabricated
L0484	TLSO, triplanar control, two piece rigid plastic shell without interface liner, with multiple straps and closures, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to scapular spine, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to sternal notch, lateral strength is enhanced by overlapping plastic, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, includes a carved plaster or CAD-CAM model, custom fabricated
L0486	TLSO, triplanar control, two piece rigid plastic shell with interface liner, with multiple straps and closures, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction and terminates just inferior to scapular spine, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to sternal notch, lateral strength is enhanced by overlapping plastic, restricts gross trunk motion in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, includes a carved plaster or CAD-CAM model, custom fabricated
L0629	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, flexible, provides lumbo-sacral support, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include stays, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, custom fabricated
L0632	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal control, with rigid anterior and posterior panels, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on the intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, custom fabricated
L0634	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, with rigid posterior frame/panel(s), posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, lateral strength provided by rigid lateral frame/panel(s), produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, stays, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, custom fabricated
L0636	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, lumbar flexion, rigid posterior frame/panels, lateral articulating design to flex the lumbar spine, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, lateral strength provided by rigid lateral frame/panels, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, anterior panel, pendulous abdomen design, custom fabricated
L0638	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, with rigid anterior and posterior frame/panels, posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, lateral strength provided by rigid lateral frame/panels, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral discs, includes straps, closures, may include padding, shoulder straps, pendulous abdomen design, custom fabricated
L0640	Lumbar-sacral orthosis, sagittal-coronal control, rigid shell(s)/panel(s), posterior extends from sacrococcygeal junction to T-9 vertebra, anterior extends from symphysis pubis to xiphoid, produces intracavitary pressure to reduce load on intervertebral discs, overall strength is provided by overlapping rigid material and stabilizing closures, includes straps, closures, may include soft interface, pendulous abdomen design, custom fabricated

	Scoliosis procedures
L1000	Cervical-thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthosis (CTLSO) (Milwaukee), inclusive of furnishing initial orthosis, including model
L1001	Cervical-thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthosis, immobilizer, infant size, prefabricated, includes fitting and adjustment
L1005	Tension based scoliosis orthosis and accessory pads, includes fitting and adjustment
L1006	Scoliosis orthosis, sagittal-coronal control provided by a rigid lateral frame, extends from axilla to trochanter, includes all accessory pads, straps and interface, prefabricated item that has been trimmed, bent, molded, assembled, or otherwise customized to fit a specific patient by an individual with expertise
L1200	Thoracic-lumbar-sacral (TLSO) orthosis (low profile), inclusive of furnishing initial orthosis only
L1300	Other scoliosis procedure, body jacket molded to patient model
L1310	Other scoliosis procedure, postoperative body jacket
L1499	Spinal orthosis, not otherwise specified

	Additions/Accessories
L0970-L0982	Additions to spinal orthoses [includes codes L0970, L0972, L0974, L0976, L0978, L0980, L0982]
L0999	Addition to spinal orthosis, NOS
L1010-L1120	Additions to scoliosis CTLSO [includes codes L1010, L1020, L1025, L1030, L1040, L1050, L1060, L1070, L1080, L1085, L1090, L1100, L1110, L1120]
L1210-L1290	Additions to scoliosis TLSO (low profile) [includes codes L1210, L1220, L1230, L1240, L1250, L1260, L1270, L1280, L1290]

ICD-10 Diagnosis
	All diagnoses

When services are Not Medically Necessary:
For the procedure codes listed above when criteria are not met or for situations designated in the Clinical Indications section as not medically necessary.

Discussion/General Information

Thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses (TLSO) and lumbar-sacral orthoses (LSO) have the following characteristics:

Used to immobilize the specified areas of the spine;
Intimate fit and generally designed to be worn under clothing;
Not specifically designed for individuals in wheelchairs.

For an item to be classified as a TLSO, the posterior portion of the brace must extend from the sacrococcygeal junction to just inferior to the scapular spine. This excludes elastic or equal shoulder straps or other strapping. The anterior must, at a minimum, extend from the symphysis pubis to the xiphoid process. Some TLSOs may require the anterior portion to extend up to the sternal notch.

A spinal orthosis can be designed to control gross movement of the trunk and intersegmental motion of the vertebrae in one or more planes of motion: lateral/flexion (side bending) in the coronal/frontal plane, flexion (forward bending) or extension (backward bending) in the sagittal plane, and axial rotation (twisting) in the transverse plane. Each type of movement is controlled by a placement of specific types of brace sections:

Sagittal control is achieved by a rigid posterior panel.
Coronal control is achieved by a rigid panel in the mid-axillary line which is either an integral part of a posterior or anterior panel or a separate panel.
Transverse control is achieved by one of several possible structural features:
- A rigid panel in the upper sternal area which is an integral part of an anterior shell; or
- A rigid panel in the upper sternal area which is rigidly attached to a rigid abdominal or posterior panel; or
- Rigid extensions from a rigid posterior panel to the upper anterior chest bilaterally.

The documentation must show that the brace will immobilize the specific areas of the spine that are being treated. If the product does not provide control of motion in one or more planes or does not provide intracavitary pressure, then the item is not considered a spinal orthosis.

A prefabricated orthosis is one that is manufactured in quantity without a specific individual in mind. Prefabricated spinal braces may not require the placement or adjustment by a trained orthotist. Examples of prefabricated orthoses include lumbosacral corsets, Knight spinal braces, and the CASH (cruciform anterior spinal hyperextension) brace.

A custom fitted orthosis is a particular type of prefabricated orthosis which is manufactured in quantity without a specific individual in mind, typically as a plastic torso shell, which has been trimmed, bent, molded (with or without heat), or otherwise modified for use by an appropriately licensed and trained medical professional subsequent to the taking of appropriate body measurements. An orthosis that is assembled from prefabricated components is considered prefabricated.

A preformed orthosis is considered prefabricated even if it requires the attachment of straps and/or the addition of a lining and/or other finishing work. Multiple measurements of the body part may be taken to determine which stock size of a prefabricated orthosis will provide the best fit. An orthosis that is assembled from prefabricated components is considered prefabricated. Examples include the Milwaukee scoliosis brace, the Boston scoliosis brace, the Charleston scoliosis brace, and the Wilmington brace. Any orthosis that does not meet the definition of a custom fabricated orthosis is considered prefabricated.

A custom fabricated or custom molded orthosis is one which is individually made for a specific individual by a trained medical professional starting with basic materials including, but not limited to plastic, metal, leather, or cloth. It involves substantial work, such as vacuum forming, cutting, molding, sewing, etc. It involves more than trimming, bending, or making other modifications to a substantially prefabricated plastic shell. A molded-to-individual orthosis is a specific type of custom fabricated or molded orthosis in which an impression of the specific body part is made by a trained medical professional using one of several methods, including plaster casting, anthropometric measurements, or computerized modeling. These methods are all used to create a model of the individual that is used to make a positive model of the body part being fitted with an orthosis. This positive model is used to custom fit a prefabricated orthosis.

In a guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis that was last revised in 2011, the North American Spine Society (NASS) stated, “The use of a lumbosacral corset is suggested to increase walking distance and decrease pain in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. There is no evidence that results are sustained once the brace is removed.” A 2021 NASS guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain stated that, “There is conflicting evidence that bracing results in improvements in pain and function in patients with subacute low back pain.”

A systematic review of literature performed by McAviney and colleagues (2020) assessed research regarding the use of spinal orthoses by adults with idiopathic or degenerative scoliosis. Their search identified 10 studies that had outcomes relating to these forms of scoliosis, 4 case reports and 6 cohort studies. They found no randomized or other controlled trials. Of those that included an assessment for pain, all reported either modest or significant pain reduction after the application of a spinal orthosis. The use of a variety of brace designs in this study limits the ability to draw conclusions about the benefits of any one design compared to others.

Two systematic reviews published in 2020 assessed studies on the use of spinal orthoses for osteoporotic fractures (Hofler, 2020; Kweh, 2020). Of the seven studies that met criteria for review by Kweh and colleagues, four were randomized controlled trials. The studies they reviewed found the use of spinal orthoses benefited individuals diagnosed with osteoporotic fractures. Hofler and colleagues included 16 studies in their review, five of which were randomized controlled trials (RCT). Of the RCTs, three overlapped with those reviewed by Kweh and colleagues, and two demonstrated that the use of spinal orthoses benefited individuals diagnosed with osteoporotic fractures.

References

Peer Reviewed Publications:

Anthony A, Zeller R, Evans C, Dermott JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis detection and referral trends: impact treatment options. Spine Deform. 2021; (9):75–84.
Coillard C, Leroux MA, Zabjek KF, Rivard CH. SpineCor-a non-rigid brace for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: post-treatment results. Eur Spine J. 2003; 12(2):141-148.
Corradin M, Canavese F, Dimeglio A, Dubousset J. Cervical sagittal alignment variations in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with thoraco-lumbo-sacral orthosis. Eur Spine J. 2017; 26(4):1217-1224.
Gabos PG, Bojescul JA, Bowen JR, et al. Long-term follow-up of female patients with idiopathic scoliosis treated with the Wilmington orthosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004; 86-A(9):1891-1899.
Guo J, Lam TP, Wong MS, et al. A prospective randomized controlled study on the treatment outcome of SpineCor brace versus rigid brace for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with follow-up according to the SRS standardized criteria. Eur Spine J. 2014; 23(12):2650-2657.
Gutman G, Benoit M, Joncas J, et al. The effectiveness of the SpineCor brace for the conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Comparison with the Boston brace. Spine J. 2016; 16(5):626-631.
Hofler RC, Jones GA. Bracing for acute and subacute osteoporotic compression fractures: a systematic review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2020; 141: e453-e460
Janicki JA, Poe-Kochert C, Armstrong DG, et al. A comparison of the thoracolumbosacral orthoses and providence orthosis in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: results using the new SRS inclusion and assessment criteria for bracing studies. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007; 27(4): 369-374.
Kweh BTS, Lee HQ, Tan T, et al. The role of spinal orthoses in osteoporotic vertebral fractures of the elderly population (age 60 years or older): systematic review. Global Spine J. 2021; 11(6):975-987.
Lou E, Hill D, Raso J, et al. Smart brace versus standard rigid brace for the treatment of scoliosis: a pilot study. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012; 176: 338-341.
McAviney J, Mee J, Fazalbhoy A, et al. A systematic literature review of spinal brace/orthosis treatment for adults with scoliosis between 1967 and 2018: clinical outcomes and harms data. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020; 21(1):87.
Palazzo C, Montigny JP, Barbot F, et al. Effects of bracing in adult with scoliosis: a retrospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017; 98(1):187-190.
Plewka B, Sibinski M, Synder M, et al. Clinical assessment of the efficacy of SpineCor brace in the correction of postural deformities in the course of idiopathic scoliosis. Pol Orthop Traumatol. 2013; 78: 85-89.
Resnick DK, Choudhri TF, Dailey AT, et al.; American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 14: brace therapy as an adjunct to or substitute for lumbar fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005; 2(6):716-724.
Shindle MK, Khanna AJ, Bhatnagar R, Sponseller PD. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: modern management guidelines. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2006; 15(1):43-52.
Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Wright JG, Dobbs MB. Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369(16):1512-1521.
Wong MS, Cheng JC, Lam TP, et al. The effect of rigid versus flexible spinal orthosis on the clinical efficacy and acceptance of the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008; 33(12):1360-1365.
Yee AJ, Yoo JU, Marsolais EB, et al. Use of a postoperative lumbar corset after lumbar spinal arthrodesis for degenerative conditions of the spine. A prospective randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; 90(10):2062-2068.

Government Agency, Medical Society, and Other Authoritative Publications:

American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). Idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents. 2015; last reviewed April 2021. Available at: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/idiopathic-scoliosis-in-children-and-adolescents/. Accessed on February 8, 2024.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Coverage Determination for Durable Medical Equipment Reference List. NCD #280.1. Effective May 5, 2005. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncd.aspx?ncdid=190&ncdver=2&bc=0. Accessed on February 8, 2024.
North American Spine Society (NASS). Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines for Multidisciplinary Spine Care. Available at: https://www.spine.org/Research-Clinical-Care/Quality-Improvement/Clinical-Guidelines. Accessed on February 8, 2024.
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain. Last updated 01/27/2021.
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. Revised 2011.
Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA.; Clinical guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017; 166(7):514-530.

Index

Body Socks
Boston Braces
Charleston Braces
Copes Scoliosis Brace
Lumbar Orthoses
Lumbar-Sacral Orthoses (LSO)
Milwaukee Braces
Providence Scoliosis System
Scoliosis Braces
SpineCor Dynamic Corrective Brace
Thoracic-Lumbar-Sacral Orthoses (TLSO)
Trunk Support Devices
Wilmington Braces

The use of specific product names is illustrative only. It is not intended to be a recommendation of one product over another, and is not intended to represent a complete listing of all products available.

History

Status	Date	Action
	10/01/2024	Updated Coding section with 10/01/2024 HCPCS changes, added L1006.
Reviewed	02/15/2024	Medical Policy & Technology Assessment Committee (MPTAC) review. Revised Discussion/General Information and References sections.
Reviewed	02/16/2023	MPTAC review. Updated References section.
Reviewed	02/17/2022	MPTAC review. References were updated.
Reviewed	02/11/2021	MPTAC review. Updated Discussion/General Information and References sections. Reformatted Coding section.
Reviewed	02/20/2020	MPTAC review. Updated References section.
Reviewed	03/21/2019	MPTAC review. Updated References section.
Reviewed	03/22/2018	MPTAC review. The document header wording updated from “Current Effective Date” to “Publish Date.” Updated References section.
Reviewed	05/04/2017	MPTAC review. Updated Background and References sections.
Revised	05/05/2016	MPTAC review. Clarified the medically necessary statement to address the specific types of devices available. Clarified the necessary statement for custom fitted prefabricated braces to state that criteria for a prefabricated brace must also be met in addition to the criteria requiring underlying deformity or body somatotype which would preclude the use of a prefabricated brace. Added criteria to custom fabricated or custom molded spinal orthoses to require that the brace is prescribed for the treatment of a spinal deformity in a skeletally immature individual (for example, scoliosis). Updated Background section.
Reviewed	02/04/2016	MPTAC review. Updated Discussion section. Removed ICD-9 codes from Coding section.
Reviewed	02/05/2015	MPTAC review.
Reviewed	02/13/2014	MPTAC review. Changed document # from CG-DME-11 to CG-OR-PR-06. Updated References section.
	01/01/2014	Updated Coding section with 01/01/2014 HCPCS changes.
Reviewed	02/14/2013	MPTAC review.
Reviewed	02/16/2012	MPTAC review.
Reviewed	02/17/2011	MPTAC review.
Reviewed	02/25/2010	MPTAC review.
Reviewed	02/26/2009	MPTAC review. Coding updated.
Reviewed	02/21/2008	MPTAC review.
Reviewed	03/08/2007	MPTAC review. Updated reference section. No change to clinical indications. Coding updated; removed HCPCS K0618, K0619, K0634-K0636, K0637-K0649 deleted 12/31/2005.
New	03/23/2006	MPTAC review. Initial document development.

Pre-Merger Organizations	Last Review Date	Document Number	Title
Anthem Connecticut	10/01/2004		CT Durable Medical Equipment Coverage Criteria Guidelines: Spinal Orthoses: Thoracic-Lumbar-Sacral Orthoses (TLSO) and Lumbar-Sacral Orthoses (LSO) (Section J)
Anthem West	10/29/2004	DME.705	West regional MDE Policy: Spinal Orthotics, TLSO and LSO
Anthem MidWest	04/05/2005	DME.013	Midwest Medical Review and Utilization Management Criteria: Spinal Orthoses: Thoracic-Lumbar-Sacral Orthoses (TLSO) and Lumbar-Sacral Orthoses (LSO)
WellPoint Health Networks, Inc.			None

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